News from the NNI Community - Research Advances Funded by Agencies Participating in the NNI

Researchers from the University of Minnesota, Auburn University, Purdue University, the City University of New York, Vanderbilt University, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in India, Zhejiang University in China, Kyung Hee University in South Korea, and Universidad de Zaragoza in Spain have provided insight into how light, electrons, and crystal vibrations interact in materials. The researchers studied planar polaritons – hybrid particles created from the interaction between light and matter – in two-dimensional (2D) crystals. The research has implications for developing on-chip architectures for quantum information processing and thermal management.

Scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard Medical School, Carnegie Mellon University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and the University of California, Riverside, have developed polymeric nanocarriers that can cross plant cell walls, delivering functional proteins directly into the cells with unprecedented efficiency. These nanocarriers are engineered with a high aspect ratio, meaning they are long and thin, which is essential for their ability to cross the plant cell wall. One of the critical findings of the study is that the efficiency of protein delivery highly depends on the size and charge of the nanocarriers: Nanocarriers with a width greater than 14 nanometers or with insufficient positive charge were less effective at penetrating the plant cell wall and delivering their protein cargo. 

Just a few years ago, researchers discovered that changing the angle between two layers of graphene, an atom-thick sheet of carbon, also changed the material's electronic and optical properties. To study the physics underlying this phenomenon, researchers usually produce tens to hundreds of different configurations of the twisted graphene structures – a costly and labor-intensive process. Now, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan, have created a device that can twist a single structure in countless ways. In other words, the researchers demonstrated the world's first micromachine that can twist two-dimensional (2D) materials at will.

Researchers from the University of Michigan and Indiana University have shown that by combining an electron microscope, a small sample holder with microscopic channels, and computer simulations, it is possible to see how nanoscale building blocks can rearrange into different organized structures. In the study, the researchers suspended nanoparticles in tiny channels of liquid on a microfluidic flow cell. The researchers learned that the instrument gave the nanoparticles – which normally are attracted to each other – just enough electrostatic repulsion to push them apart and allow them to assemble into ordered arrangements.

Engineers at the University of Virginia have created a drug nanocarrier designed to cure chronic or deadly respiratory diseases by slipping past the lungs' natural defenses. The engineers successfully demonstrated the nanocarrier's effectiveness using a device that captures the geometric and biological features of human airways. "We think this innovation not only promises better treatments of lung diseases with reduced side effects, but also opens possibilities for treating conditions affecting mucosal surfaces throughout the body," said Liheng Cai, one of the engineers involved in this study.

This article features Heman Bekele, a high school student who was named “Kid of the Year 2024” by TIME magazine. Bekele is working on a soap that that could one day treat, and even prevent, multiple forms of skin cancer. His idea is to combine the soap with a lipid-based nanoparticle that would linger on the skin when the soap is washed away. The article is accompanied by a short video interview with Bekele.

Scientists from the University of Michigan and the University of Virginia have shown that nanoparticles delivered intravenously in mice can block allergic reactions to red meat caused by the bite of the lone star tick. The nanoparticles contain allergens that re-train the immune system to ignore the type of sugar found in beef, pork, and lamb. Once the nanoparticles were delivered to the mice, the scientists exposed these mice to ticks to trigger an immune response. In 10 out of 12 mice, a reduced immune response was recorded.

University of California, Irvine scientists have discovered a one-dimensional nanoscale material whose color changes as temperature changes. "We found that we can make really small and sensitive thermometers," said Maxx Arguilla, one of the scientists involved in this study. Arguilla likened the thermometers to "nano-scale mood rings," referring to the jewelry that changes color depending on the wearer's body temperature. But instead of simply taking a qualitative temperature reading, the changes in the color of these materials "can be calibrated and used to optically take temperature readings at the nanoscale," Arguilla said.

Researchers from the University of Maryland, the University of Maryland, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology have envisioned a modular system for scaling quantum processors with a flexible way of linking qubits over long distances. While there are many types of qubits, the researchers chose to study quantum dot-based spin qubits that interact through microwave photons in a superconducting cavity. (Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that have unique size- and shape-dependent optoelectronic properties.) The researchers provided comprehensive guidelines for tailored long-distance entangling links by making multiple frequencies available for each qubit to become linked with microwave cavity photons of a given frequency.

Physicists from Purdue University, Washington University in St. Louis, and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories have levitated a fluorescent nanodiamond and spun it at incredibly high speeds (up to 1.2 billion times per minute). The fluorescent diamond emitted and scattered multicolor lights in different directions as it rotated. When illuminated by a green laser, the nanodiamond emitted red light, which was used to read out its electron spin states. An additional infrared laser was shone at the levitated nanodiamond to monitor its rotation. Like a disco ball, as the nanodiamond rotated, the direction of the scattered infrared light changed, carrying the rotation information of the nanodiamond.