News from the NNI Community - Research Advances Funded by Agencies Participating in the NNI

Imaging the hot turbulence of aircraft propulsion systems may now be possible with sturdy sheets of composite materials that twist light beams, according to researchers from the University of Michigan, the Air Force Research Laboratory, ARCTOS Technology Solutions (Beavercreek, OH), the Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials in Campinas, Brazil, and the Federal University of São Carlos in Brazil. The key is arranging nanomaterials that don't twist light on their own onto layers that turn light waves into either left- or right-handed spirals, known as circular polarizations. "These low-cost optical materials afford modularity, which is crucial for optimizing solutions for a broad range of future technologies," said Richard Vaia, one of the researchers involved in this study.

Boston Children’s Hospital; the University of Louisville School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Emory University; the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom; and Moderna, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) have successfully stimulated animals' immune systems to induce rare precursor B cells of a class of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies. The researchers engineered immunogens – molecules used in vaccines that elicit a specific immune system response – on nanoparticles that mimic the appearance of a specific part of a protein found on the surface of HIV. These observations suggest that the promising immunization data (from mice and macaques) has the potential for translation to humans.

Engineers from Columbia University, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the University of Montreal in Canada, and the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan, have shown that an oxygen-free chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method can create high-quality graphene samples at scale. Their work directly demonstrates how trace oxygen affects the growth rate of graphene and, for the first time, identifies the link between oxygen and graphene quality. "We show that eliminating virtually all oxygen from the growth process is the key to achieving reproducible, high-quality CVD graphene synthesis," said James Hone, one of the scientists involved in this study. 

Researchers from North Carolina State University and Texas A&M University have created materials that are stiff and can insulate against heat. This combination of properties is unusual and holds promise for the development of thermal insulation coatings for electronic devices. The researchers were working with a subset of a class of materials called two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (2D HOIP). The researchers found at least three distinct 2D HOIP materials that became less thermally conductive as their stiffness increased.

Diabetic wounds, often resistant to conventional treatments, pose serious health risks to millions of people worldwide. Immune cells known as macrophages, which are supposed to help, end up causing inflammation instead, making it harder for the wound to heal properly and quickly. Now, researchers from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and The Ohio State University have designed a regenerative medicine therapy to speed up diabetic wound repair. Using lipid nanoparticles loaded with RNA encoding a signaling protein known as a cytokine, the therapy targeted dysfunctional macrophages while simultaneously reducing inflammation in diabetic wounds. "In preclinical models, we basically showed the therapy's ability to reprogram pro-inflammatory macrophages into reparative ones, leading to improved wound healing outcomes," said Yizhou Dong, one of the scientists involved in this study. 

A team of electrical engineering researchers from Penn State and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln has created an ultrathin optical element that can control the direction of polarized electromagnetic light waves. The optical element, akin to a glass slide, uses a forest of tiny, antenna-like nanorods that together create a metamaterial – a material engineered to have specific properties not typically found in nature. According to Christos Argyropoulos, one of the scientists involved in this study, the optical element can quickly image the molecular structure of pharmaceuticals, allowing scientists to better understand the nuances of drug behavior.

Scientists at the University of Oklahoma have found that endothelial cells in breast cancer tumors are two times more likely to interact with medicine-carrying nanoparticles than endothelial cells in healthy breast tissue. Endothelial cells line blood vessels and manage the exchange between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues. The research was conducted on endothelial cells isolated from breast cancer tissues and isolated from healthy breast tissues. The next steps for the research will involve examining how the nanoparticles react in the context of the whole tissue. 

Researchers at Georgia Tech have developed an electrochemical process that could offer new protection against bacterial infections without contributing to antibiotic resistance. The researchers first developed an electrochemical method to etch the surface of stainless steel, creating nano-sized needle-like structures on the surface that can puncture bacteria's cell membranes. Then, with a second electrochemical process, the researchers deposited copper ions on the steel's surface. Copper interacts with the cell membranes and ultimately compromises them. Together, the dual attacks resulted in 97% reduction of Gram-negative E. coli and 99% reduction in Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria in the group's study.

Scientists from Penn State and Osaka Metropolitan University in Japan have developed a new method to generate sulfur compounds, called polysulfides, inside cells. The method induces a chemical reaction that converts hydrogen sulfide to polysulfides inside cells by using self-assembled nano-sized core-shell structures. These structures can be taken up by cells and protect what's inside – in this case, a metal complex that can convert hydrogen sulfide to polysulfides. Delivering polysulfides as a treatment could have implications for treating wounds and repairing tissues, the scientists said.

A team of researchers from The Ohio State University, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom have shown that gene therapy delivered by naturally derived nanocarriers repaired damaged disks in the spine of mice. The nanocarriers were engineered using mouse connective-tissue cells, called fibroblasts, and loaded with genetic material for a protein that is key to tissue development. The team injected a solution containing the nanocarriers into damaged disks in mice and noticed that their tissues plumped back up and became more stable. The findings speak to the value of using universal adult donor cells to create these extracellular vesicle therapies, the researchers said.