News from the NNI Community - Research Advances Funded by Agencies Participating in the NNI

Researchers at Northwestern University have, for the first time, created borophane – atomically thin boron that is stable at standard temperatures and air pressures. Borophene – a single-atom-thick sheet of boron – only exists inside an ultrahigh vacuum chamber, limiting its practical use outside the lab. By bonding borophene with atomic hydrogen, the researchers created borophane, which has the same exciting properties as borophene and is stable outside of a vacuum.

An interdisciplinary research team at Lehigh University has unraveled how functional biomaterials rely upon an interfacial protein layer to transmit signals to living cells concerning their adhesion, proliferation, and overall development. The researchers demonstrated that living cells respond to characteristics of the interfacial layer that arise as a consequence of microscale and nanoscale structures engineered into a substrate material. These tiny structures have an enormous impact upon the nature of the proteins and how they restructure themselves and electrostatically interact with the material, which, in turn, influences the manner in which cells attach to the substrate and develop over time.

Researchers at Northwestern University have, for the first time, created borophane – atomically thin boron that is stable at standard temperatures and air pressures. Borophene – a single-atom-thick sheet of boron – only exists inside an ultrahigh vacuum chamber, limiting its practical use outside the lab. By bonding borophene with atomic hydrogen, the researchers created borophane, which has the same exciting properties as borophene and is stable outside of a vacuum.

Researchers from Penn State and the University of Tokyo have created one-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures, a type of heterostructure made by layering two-dimensional materials that are one-atom thick. These heterostructures may lead to new, miniaturized electronics that are currently not possible. The team's research suggests that all 2D materials could be rolled into one-dimensional heterostructure cylinders, known as hetero-nanotubes.

Researchers from North Carolina State University have demonstrated that a slimy, yet tough, type of biofilm that certain bacteria make for protection can also be used to separate water and oil. The material may be useful for applications such as cleaning contaminated water. In the experiment, the researchers used the bacteria as factories of cellulose nanofibers. Then, they removed the bacteria and their non-cellulose residue and used the cellulose membrane to separate water from a solution containing both oil and water.

Tiny fluorescent semiconductor dots, called quantum dots, are useful in a variety of health and electronic technologies but are made of toxic, expensive metals. Nontoxic and economic carbon-based dots are easy to produce, but they emit less light. Now, researchers from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County have found good and bad emitters among populations of carbon-based dots, also called carbon nanodots. This observation suggests that by selecting only super-emitters, carbon nanodots can be purified to replace toxic metal quantum dots in many applications.

Researchers from Vanderbilt University and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory have used a drop of rubbing alcohol, an office laminator, and creativity to develop scalable processes for manufacturing single-atom-thin graphene membranes. The membranes outperformed state-of-the-art commercial dialysis membranes, and the approach is fully compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing.

Scientists trying to create a new photocathode need to develop a material that meets three different parameters: It has to have high "quantum efficiency"—the ratio of electrons produced per incoming photon; it needs to have low intrinsic emittance, which measures how much the beam may diverge after it is produced; and the photocathode must tolerate conditions less than a perfect vacuum. Researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory have demonstrated a new material, called ultrananocrystalline diamond, that has an excellent balance of these parameters.

Researchers from the University of Michigan, Jilin University in China, and the Federal University of São Carlos in Brazil have developed a new drug screening technique that relies on gold nanorods to twist light, so that a red glow can signal whether a medication designed to treat type II diabetes and pancreatic cancer is working. The researchers were able to take advantage of the chirality of a protein marker for these diseases, called islet amyloid polypeptides.  

Researchers at Columbia University have developed a technique that exploits the tunable symmetry of 2D materials for nonlinear optical applications and next-generation optical quantum information processing and computing. With the ability to control symmetry at the atomic-layer limit, the researchers demonstrated precise tuning and giant enhancement of optical second harmonic generation with micro-rotator devices and superlattice structures, respectively. Tunable second harmonic generation from micro-rotators could lead to novel on-chip transducers that couple micromechanical motion to sensitive optical signals by turning mechanical motion into light, which is critical for many sensors and atomic force microscopes.