News from the NNI Community - Research Advances Funded by Agencies Participating in the NNI

Researchers from Mount Sinai Health System, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital/The Ohio State University, New York University Langone Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and Technion Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel, have developed a new drug delivery approach that uses nanoparticles to enable more effective and targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs to treat brain tumors in children. To target their drug-loaded nanoparticles to the site of the disease – and not the normal brain regions – the researchers used a normal mechanism that the immune system uses to traffic white blood cells to sites of infection, inflammation, or tissue injury.  

The chemical environment of a tumor has a significant effect on how effective a particular treatment may be. For example, a low oxygen level in the tumor tissue impairs the effectiveness of radiation therapy. Now, a team of scientists from the University of Michigan, the University of Calabria (Rende, Italy), and the University of Padua (Padua, Italy) have demonstrated that an imaging system that uses special nanoparticles can provide a real-time, high-resolution chemical map that shows the distribution of chemicals of interest in a tumor. This imaging system could help clinicians make better recommendations on cancer therapy that is tailored to a particular patient.

One of the most expensive steps in manufacturing protein drugs – such as antibodies or insulin – is the purification step: isolating the protein from the bioreactor used to produce it. This step can account for up to half of the total cost of manufacturing a protein. In an effort to help reduce those costs, engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have devised a new way to perform this kind of purification. Their approach, which uses specialized nanoparticles to rapidly crystallize proteins, could help to make protein drugs more affordable and accessible, especially in developing countries.

Researchers from The Pennsylvania State University, the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan, have developed a measurement technique to probe the proximity-induced superconductivity at the surface of a type of layered material called a heterostructure. Proximity-induced superconductivity is a mechanism to realize a topological superconductor, that is, a superconductor that holds its properties even after undergoing physical changes. The technique used by the researchers involves inserting a layer of graphene, which is a sheet of carbon atoms of one or two atoms thick, between a layer of a topological insulator material (bismuth antimony telluride) and a superconducting material layer (gallium).

Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin have partnered with Smart Material Solutions, Inc. (Raleigh, NC) to develop a new method to keep dust from sticking to surfaces. The result is the ability to make many types of materials dust-resistant, from spacecraft to solar panels to household windows. In experiments, the team changed the geometry of flat surfaces to create a tightly packed nanoscale network of pyramid-shaped structures. These sharp, angular structures make it difficult for dust particles to stick to the material, instead sticking to one another and rolling off the material via gravity.

Engineers at Caltech and the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan, have discovered that when tungsten diselenide is placed on top of graphene bilayers, graphene's superconductivity is greatly improved. Notably, the superconducting critical temperature – that is, the warmest temperature at which the material can superconduct – is enhanced by a factor of 10. This finding provides new insight into the nature of superconductivity and suggests strategies for enhancing superconductivity in other related graphene-based materials.

Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Vanderbilt University have engineered silicon nanowires that can convert sunlight into electricity by splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen gas, a greener alternative to fossil fuels. The silicon nanowires have multiple solar cells along their axis so that they could produce the power needed to split water.

Researchers from The George Washington University, Virginia Tech, the United States Naval Academy, and The University of Texas at Austin have engineered a new nanomaterial that can boost the potency of common disinfectants. The researchers showed that when the nanomaterial is mixed with a peroxide-based disinfectant, the disinfectant is two-to-four times more effective in disabling a coronavirus strain, compared to when the disinfectant is used alone.

Scientists at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have invented a nanowire that can be cheaply grown by common bacteria and tuned to "smell" a vast array of chemical tracers – including those given off by people with different medical conditions, such as asthma and kidney disease. Thousands of these nanowires, each sniffing out a different chemical, can be layered onto tiny, wearable sensors, allowing health-care providers an unprecedented tool for monitoring potential health complications. 

A team of researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of California, Berkeley, and Cornell University has captured real-time movies of copper nanoparticles as they convert carbon dioxide and water into renewable fuels and chemicals – ethylene, ethanol, and propanol, among others. The work was made possible by combining a new imaging technique called operando 4D electrochemical liquid-cell STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) with a soft X-ray probe to investigate the same sample environment: copper nanoparticles in liquid.