(Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy)
An international team led by Rutgers University-New Brunswick researchers has merged two lab-synthesized two-dimensional materials into a synthetic quantum structure once thought impossible to exist and produced an exotic structure expected to provide insights that could lead to new materials at the core of quantum computing. One slice of the quantum structure is made of dysprosium titanate, an inorganic compound used in nuclear reactors, while the other is composed of pyrochlore iridate, a new magnetic semimetal. The specific electronic and magnetic properties of the material developed by the researchers can help in creating very unusual yet stable quantum states, which are essential for quantum computing.

(Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Defense)
Engineers at Harvard University have created a bilayer metasurface made of two stacked layers of titanium dioxide nanostructures. Almost a decade ago, the engineers had unveiled the world’s first visible-spectrum metasurfaces – ultra-thin, flat devices patterned with nanostructures that could precisely control the behavior of light and enable applications in imaging systems, augmented reality, and communications. But the single-layer nanostructure design has been in some ways limiting. For example, previous metasurfaces put specific requirements on the manipulation of light’s polarization in order to control the light’s behavior. Using the facilities of the Center for Nanoscale Systems at Harvard, the engineers came up with a fabrication process for freestanding, sturdy structures of two metasurfaces that hold strongly together but do not affect each other chemically.

(Funded by the U.S. Department of Defense)
Rice University researchers have developed an innovative solution to a pressing environmental challenge: removing and destroying per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly called “forever chemicals.” By combining granular activated carbon saturated with PFAS and mineralizing agents like sodium or calcium salts, the researchers applied a high voltage to generate temperatures exceeding 3,000 degrees Celsius in under one second. The intense heat breaks down the strong carbon-fluorine bonds in PFAS, converting them into inert, nontoxic fluoride salts. Simultaneously, the granular activated carbon is upcycled into graphene, a valuable material used in industries ranging from electronics to construction.

(Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. National Science Foundation)
The shape of nanoparticles depends on the choice of solvent and temperature during their growth. But the tiny seed particles that form first and that guide the formation of final nanoparticle shapes are too small to measure accurately. With the help of a supercomputer, Penn State researchers have developed computer simulations to model seed particles with 100 to 200 atoms. They found that the shapes of the tiny particles depend on the solvent composition and temperature in unexpected ways. Surprisingly, in some cases the shape of the seed particle changes dramatically when only a single atom is added or removed.

(Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Standards and Technology)
The fractional quantum Hall effect arises when electrons in two-dimensional materials are subject to a strong perpendicular magnetic field at very low temperatures. Researchers from George Mason University, Brown University, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology have shown that fractional quantum Hall states could be better detected using thermopower measurements than with conventional electrical resistivity. (Thermopower is an electrical voltage generated when charge carriers move from the hot side to the cold side of a conducting or semiconducting material.) The researchers performed thermopower measurements on bilayer graphene and observed new fractional quantum Hall states, which had not been previously reported.

(Funded by the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. National Science Foundation)
Researchers from Lehigh University, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Arizona State University, and Louisiana State University have developed a nanostructured copper alloy with exceptional thermal stability and mechanical strength, making it one of the most resilient copper-based materials ever created. The breakthrough comes from the formation of copper-lithium precipitates, stabilized by a tantalum-rich atomic bilayer complexion. Unlike typical grain boundaries that migrate over time at high temperatures, this complexion acts as a structural stabilizer, maintaining the nanocrystalline structure, preventing grain growth and dramatically improving high-temperature performance. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory was awarded a U.S. patent for the alloy.

(Funded by the U.S. Department of Defense)
Researchers from The University of Texas at Dallas; Texas State University in San Marcos, TX; and Lintec of America in Plano, TX, as well as international collaborators, have invented a new, inexpensive method in which fibers are coiled to make springlike artificial muscles. What’s unique about this method is that it doesn’t make use of a mandrel – a spindle that serves to support or shape the artificial muscles. The mandrel-free fabrication process involves inserting twist into individual fibers, causing them to coil back on themselves, and then plying the twisted fibers to create springlike coils. The researchers used the mandrel-free method to make high-spring-index carbon nanotube yarns, which could be used to harvest mechanical energy or as self-powered strain sensors.

(Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation)
In a Perspective article published in Nature Materials, two engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Carlos Portela and James Surjadi, discuss key hurdles, opportunities, and future applications in the field of mechanical metamaterials. Metamaterials are artificially structured materials with properties not easily found in nature. With engineered three-dimensional geometries at the micro- and nanoscale, metamaterials achieve unique mechanical and physical properties with capabilities beyond those of conventional materials. Over the past decade, metamaterials have emerged as a promising way to address engineering challenges for which other existing materials have lacked success.

(Funded by the National Institutes of Health)
Researchers from the California NanoSystems Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles, have developed a sensor technology based on natural biochemical processes that can continuously and reliably measure multiple metabolites at once. The sensors are built onto electrodes made of tiny cylinders called single-wall carbon nanotubes. These electrodes use enzymes and other molecules to perform reactions that mirror the body’s metabolic processes. Depending on the target metabolite, the sensors either detect it directly or first convert it into a detectable form through a chain of intermediary enzymatic reactions. The team measured metabolites in sweat and saliva samples from patients receiving treatment for epilepsy and detected a gut bacteria-derived metabolite in the brain that could cause neurological disorders if it accumulates.

(Funded by the National Institutes of Health)
Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have developed a new process that transports DNA into cells using lipid nanoparticles. Unlike messenger RNA (mRNA), DNA remains active in cells for months, or even years, and can be programmed to work only in targeted cells. But past attempts to use lipid nanoparticles to deliver DNA failed, because DNA can trigger severe immune reactions. The researchers discovered that by adding a natural anti-inflammatory molecule, called nitro-oleic acid, to the lipid nanoparticles, these immune reactions could be eliminated. With this advancement, treated cells produced intended therapeutic proteins for about six months from a single dose – much longer than the few hours seen with mRNA therapies.